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In August 2017, Ku Klux Klan and other white nationalist and anti-Semitic militants gathered in Charlottesville, Virginia, to “Unite the Right.” Violence ensued, with one counterprotester dead and many injured, leaving painful dilemmas surrounding Free Speech. Image Credit

The social network Facebook has come under intense criticism in the past decade, as journalists exposed its mishandling of users’ data, invasion of millions of people’s privacy, and inability to moderate hate speech online. The founder of the social media giant, Mark Zuckerberg, testified before Congress in April 2018, facing questions from lawmakers on these and related issues. Image Credit

The Black Lives Matter movement, which grew out of police shootings of young, unarmed black men, has been involved in Free Speech controversies, especially on college campuses. Here, supporters of the movement march in Chicago. Image Credit

The UC Berkeley campus is still at the epicenter of Free Speech controversies in U.S. higher education. Here we see a pause during a recent face-off between opposing factions in the struggle over who should or should not speak at Berkeley. Image Credit

The debate over abortion has brought protests to statehouses across the country, to the U.S. Congress, and to the Supreme Court. Here, a pro-abortion rights demonstrator stands among anti-abortion activists at the Supreme Court in Washington, D.C. Image Credit

On Jan. 7, 2015, two gunmen who pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda’s branch in Yemen opened fire at the offices of Parisian satirical weekly Charlie Hebdo, killing 12 staff members, including its director, and injuring 11 others. The shooting was seemingly in retribution for cartoons mocking the prophet Muhammad. The rally shown here, in Strasbourg, was one of many demonstrations worldwide in solidarity with the victims. Image Credit

Edward Snowden, a former intelligence contractor, leaked classified National Security Agency documents to the press in 2013 that revealed wide-ranging government electronic surveillance programs directed at Americans and foreign persons. Now exiled in Russia for fear of retribution from the U.S. government, Snowden has been both celebrated as a hero and maligned as an alleged traitor. Image Credit

Fred Phelps, founder of the Westboro Baptist Church, poses with signs his family used at military funerals to oppose growing tolerance for LGBTQ rights. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled 8-1 in 2011 that even such “outrageous speech” is protected. Image Credit

The landmark Supreme Court case Texas v. Johnson, decided in 1989, invalidated prohibitions and punishments in that state for the desecration of “venerable objects.” The Texas law had been challenged when a self-described communist, Gregory Lee Johnson, burned a flag at a protest during the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas. Image Credit

The public disclosure by whistleblower Daniel Ellsberg of a Pentagon study demonstrating government officials had lied to the American public about U.S. involvement in Vietnam for decades challenged the prevailing notion that national security could trump Free Speech. Ellsberg, shown here, leaked the information in 1971, first to The New York Times and later to The Washington Post and other media. Image Credit

In a landmark 1969 decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 7-2 that the Tinker children of Des Moines, Iowa, were engaging in protected symbolic speech when they wore black armbands to school to protest the Vietnam war and could not be expelled for doing so. Image Credit

The civil rights icon Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. underwent intense surveillance by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, which began monitoring him in 1955, on the occasion of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and in the 1960s conducted extensive covert actions against him. J. Edgar Hoover, FBI director at the time, became increasingly hostile toward King, who he believed was influenced by communists in his criticisms of the FBI. Image Credit

The modern focus on free expression on U.S. college campuses began at the University of California at Berkeley. Here, in 1964, Mario Savio exhorts his companions in the Free Speech Movement to rise up and protest campus restrictions on public speech. Image Credit

In the 1950s, in a sustained assault on Free Speech, U.S. Sen. Joseph McCarthy (R-Wis.) investigated the political beliefs of Americans. Here, he consults his young aide Roy Cohn, later a mentor to Donald Trump, who became president in 2017. Image Credit

During the Red Scare of the 1920s, President Woodrow Wilson’s attorney general, A. Mitchell Palmer, conducted large-scale raids against mostly Italian and East European immigrants suspected of having ties to international communist and anarchist movements. More than 500 leftists, such as those pictured here, were deported. Image Credit